起重机钢丝绳使用的基本要求
Basic Requirements for Use of Crane Wire Rope
起重机的钢丝绳受力很复杂，除了拉伸外，当钢丝绳绕过滑轮和绕入卷筒时，在钢丝中还产生弯曲应力和接触应力，外层钢丝应力最大，疲劳破坏由外层钢丝开始。因此在使用起重机要遵守以下注意事项：
In addition to tension, bending stress and contact stress are also produced in the steel wire when the steel wire is wound around the pulley and the reel. The stress of the outer steel wire is the largest, and the fatigue damage begins with the outer steel wire. Therefore, the following precautions should be observed in the use of cranes:
1、尽可能选用较大的卷筒和滑轮直径（D）。如D≥35d（d为钢丝的直径），则钢丝绳使用寿命可以延长很多。
1. Choose bigger drum and pulley diameter (D) as far as possible. If D is more than 35d (d is the diameter of steel wire), the service life of steel wire rope can be prolonged a lot.
2、单层缠绕的卷筒应切出螺旋槽，螺旋槽的滑轮槽的半径r应与钢丝绳的直径d相适应，r太大会使钢丝绳的与槽底接触面积太小，r太小有将钢丝绳卡紧的可能。因此r=0.53为宜。卷筒和滑轮的材料硬度对钢丝绳的受用寿命有影响，比较起来，铸铁比铸钢有利。在槽底镶铝合金或尼龙衬垫，可以降低钢丝绳的接触力，提高钢丝绳的使用寿命。
2. The spiral groove should be cut out from the single-layer winding drum. The radius r of the pulley groove of the spiral groove should correspond to the diameter D of the wire rope. If R is too large, the contact area between the wire rope and the bottom of the groove will be too small, and if R is too small, the wire rope will be clamped. So r=0.53 is suitable. The material hardness of the drum and pulley has an effect on the service life of the wire rope. Compared with cast steel, cast iron is more advantageous. Inserting aluminium alloy or nylon liner at the bottom of the groove can reduce the contact force of the wire rope and improve the service life of the wire rope.
3、应尽量减少钢丝的弯曲次数，即不要使钢丝绳通过太多滑轮。同时，要避免反向弯曲，因为反向弯曲的破坏作用是同向弯曲的两倍。
3. The bending times of steel wire should be reduced as far as possible, that is, the steel wire rope should not pass through too many pulleys. At the same time, reverse bending should be avoided, because the damage of reverse bending is twice as much as that of the same bending.
4、提高钢丝绳的使用寿命，应该尽量选用线接触钢丝绳，不宜使用点接触钢丝绳。
4. In order to improve the service life of wire rope, wire-contact wire rope should be selected as far as possible, and point-contact wire rope should not be used.
5、起重机械选用钢丝绳的强度不宜过高，一般不应该超过1700N/mm2。
5. The strength of steel wire rope should not be too high for lifting machinery. Generally, it should not exceed 1700N/mm2.
6、钢丝绳在卷筒上，应该顺序整齐排列。
6. The steel wire rope should be arranged in order on the drum.
7、载荷由多根钢丝绳支承时，应该设置有使每根钢丝绳均衡受力的装置。
7. When the load is supported by multiple wire ropes, a device for balancing the force on each wire rope should be installed.
8、起升构造和变幅机构，不得使用编结接触的钢丝绳。使用其它方法接触钢丝绳时，必须保证接头连接强度不小于钢丝绳破断拉力的90%。
8. The hoisting structure and the amplitude changing mechanism shall not use the knitted contact wire rope. When using other methods to contact the wire rope, it is necessary to ensure that the joint strength is not less than 90% of the breaking tension of the wire rope.
9、提升高度较大的起重机，宜采用不旋转、五松散倾向的钢丝绳。采用其它钢丝绳时，应有防止钢丝绳和吊具旋转的装置或措施。
9. For cranes with large lifting height, it is advisable to adopt non-rotating and five loose tendencies of wire rope. When using other wire ropes, there should be devices or measures to prevent the rotation of wire ropes and hangers.
10、当吊钩处于工作位置最低点时，钢丝绳在卷筒上缠绕圈数，除去固定绳尾的圈数，必须不少于2圈。
10. When the hook is at the lowest point of the working position, the number of windings of the wire rope on the drum must be no less than two, except for the number of rings of the fixed end of the rope.
11、吊运熔化或炽热金属的钢丝绳，应采用石棉芯等耐高温的钢丝绳。
11. High temperature resistant steel ropes such as asbestos cores shall be used for lifting molten or incandescent metals.
12、钢丝绳端部固定连接的安全要求：
12. Safety Requirements for Fixed Connections of Wire Rope Ends:
（1）钢丝绳连接时要保证连接强度不小于钢丝绳破断拉力的85%。绳卡压板应在钢丝绳长头一边，间距不小于钢丝绳直径的6倍。
(1) When wire rope is connected, it is necessary to ensure that the strength of the connection is not less than 85% of the breaking tension of the wire rope. The clamping plate should be on the side of the long end of the wire rope with spacing not less than 6 times the diameter of the wire rope.
（2）用编结法接触时，编结长度不应小于钢丝绳直径的1.5倍，并且不得小于300mm，接触强度不得小于钢丝绳破断拉力的75%。
(2) When contacting by knitting method, the knitting length shall not be less than 1.5 times the diameter of the wire rope, and shall not be less than 300 mm, and the contact strength shall not be less than 75% of the breaking tension of the wire rope.
（3）用锉型套浇铸法连接时，连接强度应达到钢丝绳破断拉力。
(3) The connection strength should reach the breaking tension of the wire rope when using the casting method of file sleeve.
（4）用铝合金套压缩法连接时，应以可靠的工艺方法使铝合金套于钢丝绳牢固地贴合，连接强度应达到钢丝绳破断拉力。
(4) When the connection is made by compression method of aluminium alloy sleeve, the aluminium alloy sleeve should be firmly adhered to the wire rope by reliable technological method, and the connection strength should reach the breaking tension of the wire rope.
13、钢丝绳开卷时，应防止打结或扭曲；安装钢丝绳时候，不应在不洁净的地方拖线，也不应绕在其他物体上，防止划、磨、碾压和过度弯曲。
13. When the wire rope is uncoiled, knotting or twisting should be prevented; when installing the wire rope, it should not be towed in an unclean place or wrapped around other objects to prevent scratching, grinding, rolling and excessive bending.
14、起重机钢丝绳应保持良好的润滑状态。所用润滑剂应符合该绳的要求，并且不影响外观检查。润滑时应该特别注意不要漏过不易看到或者不易接触的部位，如平衡滑轮处的钢丝绳。使用中的钢丝绳至少每月润滑两次，润滑剂不宜使用润滑脂，最好使用钢丝绳油，也可以使用中等浓度的机油。润滑前，要先用钢丝刷子刷去钢丝绳上面的污物，并用煤油清洗，然后用加热到80度以上的润滑油浸洗钢丝绳，使润滑油浸到绳芯。
14. The crane wire rope should be kept in good lubrication condition. The lubricant used should meet the requirements of the rope without affecting the appearance inspection. When lubricating, special care should be taken not to miss the parts that are not easy to see or touch, such as the wire rope at the balance pulley. The wire rope in use is lubricated at least twice a month. Lubricant is not suitable to use grease. It is better to use wire rope oil or medium concentration of oil. Before lubrication, it is necessary to brush the dirt on the wire rope with a wire brush and clean it with kerosene, then soak the wire rope with oil heated to more than 80 degrees, so that the lubricant can be immersed in the core of the rope.
15、起重机械对日常使用的钢丝绳应该每天检查，包括对端部的固定连接、平衡滑轮处的检查，并作出安全性的判断。
15. The hoisting machinery should check the wire rope used in daily life, including the fixed connection of the end and the balance pulley, and make a safety judgment.