起重机的起升机构与运行机构
Lifting mechanism and operation mechanism of crane
一、起重机的起升机构
I. Lifting mechanism of crane
起重机起升机构的驱动装置采用电力驱动时为电动机。其中，葫芦起重机多用异步鼠笼式电动机，其他电动起重机多采用绕线式异步电动机，或直流电动机。履带、铁路起重机的起升驱动装置为内燃机。汽车、轮胎起重机的起升机构驱动装置是有原动机带动的液压泵、液压油缸或液压电动机。起升机构中取物缠绕装置包括起升卷筒、钢丝绳、定滑轮、动滑轮、吊钩等。
When the driving device of crane hoisting mechanism is driven by electric power, it is an electric motor. Among them, the hoist crane mostly uses asynchronous squirrel cage motor, other electric cranes mostly use winding asynchronous motor, or DC motor. Crawlers and railway cranes are driven by internal combustion engines. The driving device of lifting mechanism of automobile and tyre crane is hydraulic pump, hydraulic cylinder or hydraulic motor driven by the prime mover. The winding device of lifting mechanism includes lifting drum, wire rope, fixed pulley, movable pulley, hook, etc.
2、起重机的运行机构
2. Operation mechanism of crane
起重机的运行机构可以分为轨行式和无轨性式运行机构（轮胎、履带式运行机构），这里只介绍轨行式运行机构。轨行式运行机构除了铁路起重机以外，基本上都是电动机驱动形式，此运行机构是由电动机、制动器、减速器和车轮四部分组成。
The operation mechanism of crane can be divided into rail running mechanism and trackless running mechanism (tyre and crawler running mechanism). Here only the rail running mechanism is introduced. In addition to railway cranes, rail-type operating mechanism is basically motor-driven, which consists of four parts: motor, brake, reducer and wheel.
车轮装置由车轮、车轮轴、轴承及轴承像等组成。采用无轮缘车轮，是为了将轮缘的滑动摩擦变成滚动摩擦，此时应该增设水平导向轮。车轮与车轮轴的连接可采用单键、花键、或者锥套等多种形式。
Wheel device consists of wheel, wheel axle, bearing and bearing image. The purpose of using flangeless wheels is to change the sliding friction of flanges into rolling friction. Horizontal guide wheels should be added at this time. Wheels and axles can be connected by single key, spline, or taper sleeve.
起重机的运行机构分为集中驱动和分别驱动两种形式。集中驱动是有一台电动机通过传动轴驱动两边车轮转动运行的运行机构形式，集中驱动只适合小跨度的起重机或起重小车的运行机构。分别驱动是两边车轮分别由两套独立的无机械联系的驱动装置的运行机构形式。
The operation mechanism of crane can be divided into two types: centralized drive and separate drive. Centralized drive is a kind of running mechanism in which a motor drives the wheels on both sides to rotate through a drive shaft. Centralized drive is only suitable for the running mechanism of a small span crane or a lifting car. Separate driving is the operation mechanism of two sets of independent driving devices with no mechanical connection on both sides of the wheel.
随着葫芦式起重机技术的发展，电动机采用锥形制电动机，将制动和驱动两个功能合二为一，进一步发展为将电动机、制动器和减速器合三为一，不再需要联轴器连接，构成一个十分紧凑的整体，称为锥形制动减速电动机，目前已被应用到起重机的大车和小车上。
With the development of hoist crane technology, the motor adopts conical motor, which combines braking and driving functions into one, and further develops into a combination of motor, brake and reducer, which no longer needs coupling connection, and forms a very compact whole, called conical brake deceleration motor. It has been applied to crane's large and small cars.